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Footnotes and Endnotes

Placement of the Superscript
Location of Footnotes if Using a Typewriter
Spacing of Footnotes
Location of Endnotes
Spacing of Endnotes
Use of Ibid.
Shortened Reference
Parenthetical Documentation

Most word processing programs are already set to correctly place footnotes at the bottom of the page. However, you should check to see that the default settings match the discipline's rules.
 
Placement of the Superscript

Leave no space between the superscript (note number) in the text and the word or mark of punctuation it follows. Place the superscript before a dash but after all other marks of punctuation.

Location of Footnotes if Using a Typewriter

Place each footnote at the bottom of the page on which the citation appears. After single-spacing below the last line of text, type a 20-space line with the underline key starting from the left margin; place the first note one double space below the line.

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Spacing of Footnotes

  • Indent the first line of each note 5-8 spaces (depending on indentation used for paragraphs in text).
  • Subsequent lines start at the left margin.
  • Place the superscript one-half space above the line and leave no space between the superscript and the first word in the note.
  • Or type the number on the same line; follow it with a period, two spaces, and the note.

REMEMBER!! Single-space within notes; double-space between notes.

Location of Endnotes

  • Endnotes should be placed in a separate section entitled Notes (not Endnotes) at the end of the entire paper and immediately preceding the bibliography.
  • Page numbers of text continue running consecutively through Notes. For example, if the last page of text is page 8, then the first page of endnotes is page 9. 

Spacing of Endnotes

The rules for typing endnotes are the same as for typing footnotes.

REMEMBER!! Single-space within notes; double-space between notes.

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Use of Ibid.

When you have two consecutive references to the same work, whether the reference is to the same page or a different page, historians generally use the word Ibid followed by a period and/or the page number.
 
4. Maxine Janusson, The Way of Things (Boston: Littleman Press, 1989), 67.
 
5. Ibid. [a second reference to the same book, same page immediately following the first reference]

 
6. Ibid., 98. [a third reference to the same book, different page]

For more information see Turabian 8.85

Shortened Reference

When you make a later reference to a work cited earlier, but with references to other sources in between, use a shortened reference that includes the author's last name, a shortened title of the work, and the page number.
 
4. Maxine Janusson, The Way of Things: Studying the Beginning of Time (Boston: Littleman Press, 1989), 67.
 
5. Larry Lipton, Gone Far Away. A Study of Space and Time (Los Angeles: Science Pubs., 1998), 174.
 
6. Janusson, The Way of Things, 75.
 
7. Lipton, Gone Far Away, 345.
 
For more on shortened references see Turabian 8.88-8.96

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Parenthetical Documentation

  • Parenthetical references should be considered as part of the sentences in which they appear.
  • All punctuation, either within a sentence or at the end of a sentence, comes after the parenthetical note.
     

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