Endnotes

Image Citations: James Redin, "A Brief History of Mechanical Calculators: Part I The Age of Polymaths," http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechanical1.htm (accessed March 15, 2005).

--	Background: "Absolute Background Textures Archive," http://grsites.com/ (accessed March 21, 2005).
1	"Picture of Sharp EL-520V cal," http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/info/calculator.jpg (accessed March 21, 2005).
2	"University of Mary Washington," http://www.umw.edu/default.php (accessed March 21, 2005).
3	"Areas of Technology," http://library.thinkquest.org/3708/tech.htm (accessed March 21, 2005).
4	"Old Calculator Web Museum," http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/caltech.jpg (accessed March 21, 2005).
5	"Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and Science Education (ENC) Online," http://www.enc.org/web_graphics/documents/FOC/000702/graphics/calc.jpg (accessed March 26, 2005).
6	"Areas of Technology," http://library.thinkquest.org/3708/tech.htm (accessed March 21, 2005).
7	Created for site by author.
8	James Redin, "A Brief History of Mechanical Calculators: Part I The Age of Polymaths," http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechanical1.htm (accessed March 15, 2005).
9	"The CURTA Calculator Page," http://www.vcalc.net/cu.htm (accessed March 15, 2005).
10	"Old Radio Digital World," http://www.etedeschi.ndirect.co.uk/sale/picts/harling.jpg (accessed March 26, 2005).
11	"Vintage Calculators Web Museum: Desk Electronic Calculators," http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/anita_mk_8.html (accessed March 26, 2005).
12	"Old Calculator Web Museum," http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/caltech.jpg (accessed March 21, 2005).
13	"Vintage Calculators Web Museum: Canon Pocketronic," http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/canon_pocketronic.html (accessed March 26, 2005).
14	"Old Radio Digital World," http://www.etedeschi.ndirect.co.uk/bowmar.jpg (accessed March 26, 2005).
15	"Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and Science Education (ENC) Online," http://www.enc.org/web_graphics/documents/FOC/000702/graphics/calc.jpg (accessed March 26, 2005).
16	"Oxford Educational Supplies," http://www.studentcalculators.co.uk/contact.html (acessed March 31, 2005).
17	"wci," http://www.wcigroup.com/image/home/stack_of_books.jpg (accessed March 31, 2005).

Antecedents

1 Adler, Irving, Thinking Machines: A Layman's Introduction to Logic, Boolean Algebra and Computers (Signet Science Library. New
York: The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1961), 47.

2 Ibid., viii-xiii.

3 James Redin, "A Brief History of Mechanical Calculators: Part I The Age of Polymaths," http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechanical1.htm (accessed March 15, 2005).

4 Bruce Flamm, "The Amazing Curta." http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/curta1.htm (accessed March 15, 2005).

5 Joseph Norman Arnold, The Slide Rule: Principles and Applications (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954), 3-4.

6 Adler, 46.

7 Nigel Tout, "Anita: the World's First Electronic Desktop Calculator: A brief history of the complex Bell Punch company and its calculators," http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/sumlock_anita.html (accessed March 15, 2005).

8 Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, "The History of Pocket Electronic Calculators," http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/history_of_electronic_calculat.html (accessed March 15, 2005).

Invention History

1 "History of Innovation: Team of Three Texas Instruments Engineers Invented the Portable, Hand-Held Electonic Calculator in 1967: Device Now Resides in the Permanent Collection of the Smithsonian Institution." http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/calcbackg.shtml (accessed March 15, 2005).

2 "Corporate Profile: A 90-Year Journey: Chronology 1961-1970." http://sharp-world.com/corporate/info/his/chronology/p4.html (accessed March 15, 2005).

3 James Redin. "Calculator Wars." http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/wars.htm (accessed March 15, 2005).

4 Ball and Flamm, "The History of Pocket Electronic Calculators."

5 "Calculator Timeline." http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/calculator_time-line.html (accessed March 15, 2005).

Impact

1 Ball and Flamm, "The History of Pocket Electronic Calculators."

2 Laura IngallsWilder, Little Town on the Prairie (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941), 271-2.

3 Richard Shumway and Grayson H. Wheatley, "The Potential for Calculators to Transform Elementary School Mathematics," In Calculators in Mathematics Education: 1992 Yearbook, ed. James T. Fey and Christian R Hirsch, 1-8. (Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc., 1992), 1.

4 Donald Dessart and Ray Hembree, "Research on Calculators in Mathematics Education," in Calculators in Mathematics Education: 1992 Yearbook, ed. James T. Fey and Christian R Hirsch (Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc., 1992), 23.

5 John A.Van de Walle, Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally, 4th ed, (New York: Longman, 2001), 468.

6 Ibid., 467-8.

7 Dessart and Hembree, 23.

8 Gail Burrill, "The Graphing Calculator: A Tool for Change," in Calculators in Mathematics Education: 1992 Yearbook, ed. James T. Fey and Christian R Hirsch (Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc., 1992), 19.