1. David Thoreson Lykken, A
Tremor In the Blood: Uses and Abuses of The Lie Detector (New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981), 25.
2. Raphael
Demos, "Liars and Lying," The Yale Review
10 (January
1921): 373.
3. National
Research Council, The
Polygraph and Lie Detection (Washington,
DC: The National
Academies Press, 2003), 19.
4. "The colour
of lying." The Economist 345 (December 6,
1997): 29, cited in Kerry Segrave, Lie
Detectors: A Social History
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland &
Company, Inc., Publishers, 2004), 168.
::Origin of the
Modern Polygraph::
Image Citations
(1) Mackenzie Polygraph,
from James Allan Matte, Forensic
Pscyhophysiology Using the
Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification – Lie Detection
(Williamsville, NY: J.A.M. Publications, 1996), 19.
(2) Marston's Apparatus, from
Matte, 21.
(3) John Larson's Portable
Polygraph, from Matte, 22.
(4)The Keeler Polygraph, from
Matte, 26.
Endnotes
1.
Ken Alder, “To Tell The Truth: The
Polygraph Exam and the Marketing of American Expertise,” Historical
Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 24, no. 3 ( 1998): 489.
2. James
Allan Matte, Forensic
Pscyhophysiology Using the
Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification – Lie Detection
(Williamsville, NY: J.A.M. Publications, 1996), 11.
3. Cesare
Beccaria, An
Essay on Crimes
and Punishments,
1775, http://www.dickinson.edu/~rhyne/232/Two/beccaria_text.html
(accessed 28 March 2005).
4. David
Thoreson Lykken, A Tremor In the
Blood: Uses and Abuses of
The Lie Detector (New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981), 26.
5. Kerry Segrave, Lie
Detectors: A Social History
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland &
Company, Inc., Publishers, 2004), 12.
6. Rodney Carliste,
ed., Scientific
American: Inventions
and Discoveries, (New York:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2004), 359; also
discussed in Segrave, Lie
Detectors: A Social History, 14.
7. Eugene E. Levitt,
“Scientific evaluation of the lie
detector," Iowa Law Review 40
(Spring, 1955): 441; quoted in Segrave 2004, 14.
8. Lucia C.
Stanton,"Monticello Report: Jefferson
and the Polygraph," http://www.monticello.org/reports/interests/polygraph.html
(accessed 29 March 2005)
9. Segrave, 11;
Matte, 19.
10. Matte,
20.
11. William
Moulton Marston, The Lie Detector
Test (New York:
Richard R. Smith, 1938), 51.
12. John
A. Larson, "Introduction," in Marston, 1.
13. John
A. Larson, Lying and Its
Detection: A Study of
Deception and Deception Tests
(Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith,
1969), 257-285; also noted in Matte, 22.
14. National
Research Council, The Polygraph and
Lie Detection
(Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2003), 291.
15. Marston,
26.
16. Marston, 49.
17. Matte,
24.
18. Matte,
24.
19. Matte,
25.
20. Richard H.
Underwood, “Truth Verifiers: From the
Hot Iron to the Lie Detector,” Kentucky
Law Journal (Spring
1995/1996), http://www.lexisnexis.com/
(accessed 20 March 2005).
21. Alder, 513.
22. Alder, 524.
23. "Now! Lie Detector Charts Emotional
Effects of Shaving!," 1938. http://antipolygraph.org/documents/marston-razor-high-res.pdf
(accessed 11 April 2005).
23. Fred E. Inbau, Lie
Detection and Criminal Interrogation (Baltimore: The Williams
and Wilkins Company, 1942), 4.
24. Stan
Abrams, The
Complete Polygraph Handbook (Lexington,
Massachusetts:
Lexington Books, 1989), 5.
25. National
Research Council, 303.
26. Abrams, 46.
::The Invention of the Multi-Channeled
Polygraph::
Image Citations
(1) Figure 4-1 "An
Adminstration
of a Polygraph Examination," from Stan
Abrams, The
Complete Polygraph Handbook (Lexington,
Massachusetts:
Lexington Books, 1989), 39.
Endnotes
1. Matte,
164.
2. Abrams, 42.
3. Abrams, 41.
4. Abrams, 4
5. Marston, 51.
6. Abrams, 4.
7. Abrams, 4.
8. Amina
Memon, Aldert Vrij, and Ray Bull, Psychology and Law:
Truthfulness, Accuracy
and Credibility, 2nd ed.
(Chichester, West Sussex, England: John
Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2003), 22.
::Significance of the Modern Polygraph::
1. Kerry
Segrave, Lie
Detectors: A Social History
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland &
Company, Inc., Publishers, 2004), 11.
2. Marston, 43.
3. Segrave, 39.
4. Segrave,
101; also noted in Suzanne Bell, Encyclopedia of
Forensic Science
(New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2004), 250.
5. Segrave, 101.
6. Lawrence A.
Farwell, "Brain Fingerprinting: Brief
Summary of the Technology," May 9, 2000, http://www.forensic-evidence.com/site/Behv_Evid/Farwell_sum6_00.html
(accessed 30 March 2005).
7. Ibid.
8. American
Polygraph Association, “Detection of Deception: Truth vs. Myth,” http://www.polygraph.org/voicestress.htm
(accessed 30 March 2005).
::The Impact of the Polygraph in
America::
Image Citations:
(1) Still picture from the 2000
production of the film, Meet the Parents, http://law.gsu.edu/library/alr/hfoster.htm
courtesy of the College of
Law, Georgia State University (accessed 30 March 2005)
Endnotes:
1.
Richard D. White, Jr., “Ask Me No
Questions, Tell Me No Lies: Examining the Uses and Misuses of The
Polygraph (Statistical Data Included),” Public Personnel
Management 30, no.
4 (Winter 2001): 483, http://www.infotrac.com/
(accessed 03 Feb 2005).
2. Marston, William Moulton, The Lie Detector
test (New York:
Richard R. Smith, 1938), 59.
3. Ken Alder,
“To Tell the Truth: The Polygraph Exam
and the Marketing of American Expertise,” Historical
Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 24, no. 3 (1998): 497; also noted in
Kerry Segrave, Lie
Detectors: A Social History
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland &
Company, Inc., Publishers, 2004), 42.
4. Stan Abrams,
The
Complete Polygraph Handbook
(Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington
Books, 1989), 10.
5. Segrave, 48.
6. Segrave, 62.
7. Abrams,
5.
8. Richard H.
Underwood, “Truth Verifiers: From the
Hot Iron to the Lie Detector,” Kentucky
Law Journal (Spring
1995/1996), http://www.lexisnexis.com/
(accessed 20 March 2005).
9. House
Committee on Government Operations, “Use of
Polygraphs as Lie Detectors by the Federal Government,” 89th Cong., 1st
Sess. (1965), quoted in Office of Technology Assessment, Scientific Validity
of Polygraph Testing:
A Research Review and Evaluation—A Technical Memorandum
(Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), 32-34.
10. National
Research Council, The Polygraph and
Lie Detection (Washington
D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2003), 263; also noted in Richard
D. White, Jr., “Ask Me No Questions, Tell Me No Lies: Examining the
Uses and Misuses of The Polygraph (Statistical Data Included),” Public
Personnel Management, 30, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 483, http://www.infotrac.com/
(accessed 03 Feb 2005).
11. Barland,
Gordon H., “The Polygraph Test in the USA and Elsewhere,” in Gale,
Anthony, ed., The polygraph test:
Lies, truth and science
(London: Sage Publications, Inc., 1988), 77, from Ken
Adler, “To Tell the Truth: The Polygraph Exam and the Marketing of
American Expertise,” Historical
Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 24, no. 3 (1998): 491.
12. Meet the Parents. dir. Jay Roach, Universal and
Dreamworks Pictures. Universal City, CA :
Dreamworks, 2000, video recording.
13. Abrams, 3.
14. Benjamin
Kleinmuntz, and Julian J. Szucko, “Lie
Detection in Ancient and Modern Times: A Call for Contemporary
Scientific Study,”American
Psychologist, 39, No. 7
(July 1984), 775.
15. Alder, 524.