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Writing
and Talking About History > Resources for
Writing Papers > Footnotes and Endnotes
Footnotes
and Endnotes
Placement
of the Superscript
Location of Footnotes if Using
a Typewriter
Spacing of Footnotes
Location of Endnotes
Spacing of Endnotes
Use of Ibid.
Shortened Reference
Parenthetical Documentation
Most
word processing programs are already set to correctly
place footnotes at the bottom of the page. However,
you should check to see that the default settings
match the discipline's rules.
Placement
of the Superscript
Leave
no space between the superscript (note number)
in the text and the word or mark of punctuation
it follows. Place the superscript before a dash
but after all other marks of punctuation.
Location
of Footnotes if Using a Typewriter
Place
each footnote at the bottom of the page on which
the citation appears. After single-spacing below
the last line of text, type a 20-space line with
the underline key starting from the left margin;
place the first note one double space below the
line.
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Spacing
of Footnotes
- Indent
the first line of each note 5-8 spaces (depending
on indentation used for paragraphs in text).
- Subsequent
lines start at the left margin.
- Place
the superscript one-half space above the line
and leave no space between the superscript and
the first word in the note.
- Or
type the number on the same line; follow it
with a period, two spaces, and the note.
REMEMBER!!
Single-space within notes; double-space between
notes.
Location
of Endnotes
- Endnotes
should be placed in a separate section entitled
Notes (not Endnotes) at the end of the entire
paper and immediately preceding the bibliography.
- Page
numbers of text continue running consecutively
through Notes. For example, if the last page
of text is page 8, then the first page of endnotes
is page 9.
Spacing
of Endnotes
The
rules for typing endnotes are the same as for
typing footnotes.
REMEMBER!!
Single-space within notes; double-space between
notes.
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Use
of Ibid.
When
you have two consecutive references to the same
work, whether the reference is to the same page
or a different page, historians generally use
the word Ibid followed by a period and/or the
page number.
4. Maxine Janusson, The Way of Things (Boston: Littleman
Press, 1989), 67.
5. Ibid. [a second reference to the same book,
same page immediately following the first reference]
6. Ibid., 98. [a third reference to the same book,
different page]
For
more information see Turabian 8.85
Shortened
Reference
When
you make a later reference to a work cited earlier,
but with references to other sources in between,
use a shortened reference that includes the author's
last name, a shortened title of the work, and
the page number.
4. Maxine Janusson, The Way of Things: Studying
the Beginning of Time (Boston: Littleman
Press, 1989), 67.
5. Larry Lipton, Gone Far Away. A Study of Space
and Time (Los Angeles: Science Pubs., 1998),
174.
6. Janusson, The Way of Things, 75.
7. Lipton, Gone Far Away, 345.
For more on shortened references see Turabian
8.88-8.96
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Parenthetical
Documentation
- Parenthetical
references should be considered as part of the
sentences in which they appear.
- All
punctuation, either within a sentence or at
the end of a sentence, comes after the parenthetical
note.
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